2.
   2024
/  
 ( -II)
(        )
: 3     :70
:    -     ,        
             
-
1.            
2.             
      
-
3.            
   
4.             
    ?       
2.
-
5.   ?     '      
 
6.                  
             
-
7.         ?        
  :
8.    '            
2.
   2024
/  
 ( -II)
(        )
: 3     :70
:    -     ,        
             
-
1.            
:󷇮󷇭:           |
   
      
  '    
 ,     ,          
         ?           
    ?
       
󷉧󷉨󷉬󷉩󷉪󷉫  ? ()
                 
          ,      -    
 ,  ,  
,  ,         

  :
2.
   -     ,      , 
  ,          
 
        ,   ,   

󼾳󼾴 
 ?
    ,      
  :
        
       
     (UV)   
 

, ,         
  
   
   '      
 ,     
 -   ,   
󷉅󷉆󷉈󷉇   
      
 - 
  ,   ,  
         ,     
    ,           

            
󷄧󷄫     
:8-18   (            )
         -             

 ,   ,        
  
        75%   
    - 
, , ,  -   
2.
- 
       (    !)
    '                
      
󷄧󷄬   
:18–50 
    
 ,         
  
     ,       
- 
  ,    
        
    
,      
              
     
󷄧󷄭       
:50–85 
         

     ,   -90°C   
           
     
   
    
  
 
  '     
󷄧󷄮    
:85–600 
2.
           1500°C  !    
     
 
     

  ( )    ,        
      ,       
   (   )   
         
󷄰󷄯   
:600–10,000 
    ,         

    
     
     
 
         
;  -     
 
󷉁󷉂󷉃󷉄      
      '      '   :
:     
:    
:    -    
:       
:  ,         
 
  --       
 
󷉭󷉮󷉯󷉰   ( )
  
,      :
2.
 (78%)
 (21%)
 (0.93%)
  (0.04%)
  ,    ,      
󹴞󹴟󹴠󹴡󹶮󹶯󹶰󹶱󹶲
   "" 
 -   , ,      ' 
            :     ,
    
 ,     , 
    ,    -   
 
      
   , ,  ,     
              
2.            
      
:󷈴󷈶󷈵  󷇮󷇭  
   
   '    
  '    
           ,       -  

    
          
       :
   
        
󷈴󷈶󷈵1.    ?
                  
   ,  ,    -
       :
   
2.
   
   ( )  
 
󺮤     
 -  
   ,      
           '   (   ,
        )
       , ,   ,      

 
    ,   , ,   
󷇮󷇭2.     ?
      ,            
   -         
          
    ,    -  , 
     ,
    , -    
󺮥      
 -   
           
      ,    CO₂,   , ,   
   
               ,
       
󹺔󹺒󹺓3.        (   )

 
  

 
  
 

 
 
 
- 
- 
2.
 
0.2 - 4 
4 - 25 
?
   

 

     
    (
)
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   =       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   =      
󼾱󼾲󷇰󷇯4.     (   '    )
  
  ,         
:
"         "
          
    '    
,  ,      
 ?
     

󷇮󷇭-  ' -      
 ?
     '      
 
  
 ,        
 
 
 ,          
       !
  ,         -   -  ' 
      
󷇳5.       
(A)         (0° )
      '         
:
2.
       ( )
        
           

        ,    ,      
()   - (30°–60° /)
   , , ,     
:
      ( )
         ( = ,  = )
     
       -      
 
(C) -     (60°–90° N/S)
,      '        
:
       '   
           
         
 ( )
         
󷉅󷉆󷉈󷉇6.      
         ,           
:
 
  =       

2.
         

           
  
  =         
 
 ,             
󷇲󷇱7.   
 ?

  
 :
 -   
 
   
?
     
?
,  ,     
  ?
             
󷄧󼿒
  -           
 
          -   
,      , ,   ,       ,
        
 
          ,        
  ,  -     
2.
-
3.            
   
:󷉖󷉗󷉔󷉘󷉕   
 
   ,           
  -   ,     ,       
               
 , ,  ,           
  -- 
󷉟󷉠󷉡󷉢󷉣󷉤󷉥󷉦1.    ?
                 
   , , ,       
                  
   ,        -    ,  
 ,    
   ,  , ,      
 ,      
󽆤     
   '           
      
  , 
   
 
             
               :
    
󷊌󷊍󷊎󷊏󷊐󷊑󷉁󷉂󷉃󷉄2.       -     
 -    :
2.
 ,  ,         
 ,  ,           
    -      

      -  
󷉟󷉠󷉡󷉢󷉣󷉤󷉥󷉦A.   
󷄧󼾧  
 30°     ,   '    
  (),  ( ),   ( )   
  
󹴞󹴟󹴠󹴡󹶮󹶯󹶰󹶱󹶲 
? 
       ,  ,   
   -      
󷄧󼾧 
 30°  60°   ,     
  , ,       
󹴞󹴟󹴠󹴡󹶮󹶯󹶰󹶱󹶲 
? 
            ,  
     
󷉁󷉂󷉃󷉄B.   
󷄧󼾧  
      ,   26.5°C
       
󷄧󼾧 
   

          -  ,  
󷇙󷇚󷇜󷇝󷇞󷇟󷇛C.   
2.
󷄧󼾧    
   (            
 )
 ,        
󷄧󼾧   
          .
   ,     
󷄧󼽫D.   
󷄧󼾧  
  ,    
     - ,   
     ,       
󷄧󼾧 
   
       
     
󷉭󷉮󷉯󷉰.   
󷄧󼾧  
         
200            
󷄧󼾧 
   
    
,       
󹽔󹽕󹽖󹽍󹽗.   
2.
󷄧󼾧  
       
    - ,   
  '        
󷄧󼾧 
 3-7 
  '     ,       
󷉖󷉗󷉔󷉘󷉕.   
󷄧󼾧  
:
 
,  
  
- 
󷄧󼾧 
:
   
  
 (   )
 ( )
󼪍󼪎󼪏󼪐󼪑󼪒󼪓.   
󷄧󼾧  
 : -    -
  :  -
󷄧󼾧 
2.
        ,       

󷩛󷩜󷩝󷩞I.  
󷄧󼾧  
  
:
o   
o  
o  
       
󷄧󼾧 
        :
o  
o  
o    
󹴞󹴟󹴠󹴡󹶮󹶯󹶰󹶱󹶲  (  )

 
 

–30° 
30°–60° 
 
 , 

 

  
 
  
 


  
  

 /
 

 

󷇍󷇎󷇏󷇐󷇑󷇒 
               
 -       -         
     
  ,         ""   ,
  
2.
            
 ,
,     
         
 ,    ,  
   
4.             
    ?         
: : ,       
   
      ,        

   ,             :  ,  
,   ,        
         
    
  
  
    
             
 
   ? ( )
                

     , ,          


       ,     :
     
       
 ,  ,   
 
      
    
     
           ,       , 
       
2.
  :
  =        
           
(, , ,  ,  )
       ,        
  
? 
    :
  
    
-  
    
   
      
     
        
1.        
    ,               
          :



     
  
           ',          
     
2.     
       
 -        
(PM2.5)             
 :
2.
  
  

      , "      "
3.     
 
              
       2  5    
  ,    -    
 
4.      
                
        :
    
   
    
          ,         
5. -       
  ,   -   ,      
       ,            ,  
        
  :

  
  
 
2.
6.  
     :
 
  
   
           '   
 ,        
7.   
      :
 (  )
   
   ( 

)
   
        
     
(   )
   ,             
 -, -  -      

1.      
 ,   -  '  
 
           
  (EVs)  
2.     
2.
 ,         ,       
        
3.    
              -
        '      
4.    
         :


 
   
         
5.   
          ,       
      ,        

6.       
 :
 
  
-  
    
7.   
2.
   :
    
   
,   -     
 ,         
8.   
      :
- 
-  
- 
      

        
 -       
 
               
 , 
 
 ,    
         
               
-
5.   ?     '      
 
:󷇙󷇚󷇜󷇝󷇞󷇟󷇛**  ?
     '  ?**
  ,             
 
    ,       "  "      
2.
        - , , , ,   , 
          -    
  
󷇮󷇭    
                 :
, , , ,   
,   , 
     
    :
󷇳 97%              
    
  ,      
     ,  
  ,      ,        
󷇙󷇚󷇜󷇝󷇞󷇟󷇛    '  ?
        ,        
      -       -    , ,
    
               
  
󷄧󷄫  - "   "
               ,   '
200   
󽇐:
    
    
     
           ,        
      
2.
󷄧󷄬  - "  "
     ,          
   
󽇐:
  
      
 
    
                
󷄧󷄭  - "  "
-    ,             
,       ,        
󽇐:
   
   
       
󷄧󷄮  - "   "
        ,    3,000  6,000    
󽇐:
  
    
 ,   -  
    ,      
 ,       
󷄰󷄯-   - "   "
2.
             -  ,
    -    
󽇐:
 '     
   
      
             
   
     
󷄧󷄱   - "     "
      ,          
   - 
     
󽇐:
  (11,000  )
             
    
      
     

󷄧󷄲
   - "      "

        
  
             

󽇐:
    
    
   '     
󷄧󷄳   - "  "
2.
          ,    
     
󽇐:
      
    
   
󷇙󷇚󷇜󷇝󷇞󷇟󷇛󹲉󹲊󹲋󹲌󹲍    
  
   '  ,       :
 
   
  
   
  (, , )
     
    10%        ,  90%
                
!
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
           ,       -
           -    ,   ,
  ,            
;  , ,
,         
6.                  
             
:󻧔󻧕󻧖󻧗󻧘󻧙󻧚󻧛1.       
      -     :
      
2.
      
󷄧󼿒 
           ' 0.05% (  0-0.5
)   
   ,     ,      
      :



 
    
      -        2.5%  ,  
     
󷄧󼿒 
         ,   '   ( )
     '   (ppt)   35    ,    35
 
   :


 (   )
       
  
󷇮󷇭2.        
 ?
           -    - 
,
, ,   -            

           
 :
󹻦󹻧(i) 
2.
        ,           
     
    (   ,  )     
󷉖󷉗󷉔󷉘󷉕(ii) 

      
         

 
:
   ,    
   ,      
󷩰󷩶󷩱󷩲󷩳󷩴󷩵(iii)   
        
 ,     
   
:
    ,         
   
󻧔󻧕󻧖󻧗󻧘󻧙󻧚󻧛(iv)   
  ,         
 
 ,      ,     ,      
    
󷇙󷇚󷇜󷇝󷇞󷇟󷇛(v)   
  =       =   

:
2.
  ( )  
 
  (  )  
 
󺡭󺡮(vi)   
             ,   
   
         
:
 
 
    
 
󷇰󷇯3.         
                
     ' ,   ' ,     
   
󷇳A.   (      )
󷄧󷄫      (0)°10°)
 
 
 
     
    '  34   
󷄧󷄬-    (20)°30° )
   " " 
 

 
2.
  36-38    
:
  
 
󷄧󷄭     
  
     
 :  3033 ppt
󷇳B.   (  )
󷇙󷇚󷇜󷇝󷇞󷇟󷇛 
       

?   +   
󷇙󷇚󷇜󷇝󷇞󷇟󷇛 
   

?    +  
󷇙󷇚󷇜󷇝󷇞󷇟󷇛 
 
   (   )
     (  + )
󷇳C.   (   )
     
 
        
    
 
 
2.
           
 
 
  34-35   
-
7.         ?        
  :
:            
 
 '    ,           
  ,      -       
   
;           
               
,    
      ,        
  
   ,        ,  , ,
            
      
     '     :
1. 
           
    
  '
 ,     
         '   
       ,         
  

   ,    '    
  " "   -       , 
 

2.
2. 
                  
    ,   '        

      '      
 ,      ,        
    -  '   
3.   
          !
             
 ,           
 
    :
  -          
 
  -           
 
   :
   
  
   

     
  
   ,    '   :
       
          (300   ) 
  
   ' ,       ,    
( )    
     ,            
        
 
2.
󷇮󷇭1.  
     ,           
 
          
      
   :
  (      )
 (  -      )
  (       )
 (    -      )
        
         
 
              
   :
  
  ( )
/ ( )
                
   
󷇮󷇭2.  
          -
   
 
          
 :
  
2.
 (        )
  (    
 )
 (     )
 :    ,        '   
 
 
        :
  
 (  )
 (      )
              
󷇮󷇭3.  
             
 
       
  
    ( -) , -      - 
  
    (-) ,     -  

      
 
  
       :
  
  ( )
  (,   -)
󷇮󷇭4.    (  )
2.
       ,  
    (  )       
   ,    -        
               


  
  ?
    
 -         :
  
  
   
   
 :
    
 
    
  (   ' )
           
      

 
󽇐  
                  
    ,            

8.    '            
:   ' :       |
      '   ,         
   ,              -   ,
, ,      '          
   
   ,    '       

 
2.
        
       - , ,
 , ,  , ,  , - ,    
         70%      ,    
          
 , 
             
       
    ?
         :
1.  
           - , , 
,  , , ,
      ,   -     
2.  
         , , ,   ,    
              '  

3.  
        :
 
 
   
         
4.    ( )
    
,        :
 
  
 
 
            
 
2.
      
  ,          
  '  :
1.     
                 
 -       '     - (
)             , 
      
2.     
   :
 


 
    
 
       , ,     
         
 
3.  
      :
              
            
             ,    
    
2.
4.  
          :

 


  ,           
          
5. -  
,  ,  , ,         
             
   
6.    
     ,   :
 

  
 
 
              
        
       
        ,        
          
 
1.   
2.

      ,         
                 

     -    
2. 
      :


 - 
 

     '   -        
      ,     ,       
3.     
        :
 
    
   
 

   
        
 
4.    
, ,       ,    
              
  
         
5.   
2.
        
     ,   
             
    
6.         
              
   ,         -   
     

      , ,      
   ,      ,    ,   
            ,   
     
 
     ,       
     
       ,      
   
 ,      ,   ,   , 
        '   
      , 
 ,      
       -       
"              
 
       ,       
 "